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Hygiene
Number of Followers: 21  Open Access journalISSN (Online) 2673-947X Published by MDPI  [258 journals]
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- Hygiene, Vol. 4, Pages 238-257: Comparison of the Proteome of
Staphylococcus aureus Planktonic Culture and 3-Day Biofilm Reveals
Potential Role of Key Proteins in Biofilm
Authors: Md. Arifur Rahman, Ardeshir Amirkhani, Durdana Chowdhury, Karen Vickery, Honghua Hu
First page: 238
Abstract: Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci account for about 80% of infections associated with medical devices and are associated with increased virulence due to their ability to form biofilm. In this study, we aimed to construct a comprehensive reference map followed by significant pathway analysis in the proteome of S. aureus biofilm grown for 3 days compared with 24 h of planktonic culture using a high-resolution Tandem Mass Tag (TMT)-based MS. We identified proteins associated with secondary metabolites, ABC transporters, biosynthesis of amino acids, and response to stress, and amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism were significantly upregulated in 3-day biofilm. In contrast, proteins associated with virulence factors, microbial metabolism in diverse environments, secondary metabolites, translation, and energy metabolism were significantly downregulated. GO functional annotation indicated that more proteins are involved in metabolic processes, catalytic activity, and binding in biofilm, respectively. Among the significantly dysregulated proteins, hyaluronidase (hysA) in conjunction with chitinase may play a significant role in the elimination and/or prevention of biofilm development. This study advances the understanding of the S. aureus subproteome, identifying potential pathways significant to biofilm biology. The insights gained may aid in developing new therapeutic strategies, including antibiofilm agents, for treating biofilm-related infections associated with implantable medical devices.
Citation: Hygiene
PubDate: 2024-07-03
DOI: 10.3390/hygiene4030020
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 3 (2024)
- Hygiene, Vol. 4, Pages 258-268: Contamination of High-Touch Surfaces in
the Ophthalmic Clinical Environment—A Pilot Study
Authors: Berdjette Y. Y. Lau, Cassandra X. C. Chan, Xin Le Ng, Dawn K. A. Lim, Blanche X. H. Lim, Chris H. L. Lim
First page: 258
Abstract: In light of the close contact between patient and clinician during ophthalmic examinations and the multiple opportunities for pathogen transmission, we identified and evaluated potential pathogen transmission routes through high-touch surfaces in an outpatient ophthalmology clinic. A circuit simulation was performed to replicate a patient’s journey through an ophthalmology clinic with various stations. Fluorescent oil and powder were applied to the hands of Simulated Patient A who went through the circuit. Routine disinfection of surfaces in the slit lamp environment and hand hygiene by the ophthalmologist were conducted prior to Simulated Patient B going through the same circuit with untagged hands. Ultraviolet black light was used to identify fluorescent marker contamination after Simulated Patient B completed the circuit. Fluorescent marker contamination was found on the hands of all the simulated patients and staff, various items of the simulated patients, multiple equipment surfaces—particularly the ophthalmologist’s working table and slit lamp environment—and miscellaneous objects like appointment cards and files. Fluorescent marker contamination on Simulated Patient B’s untagged hands despite proper hand hygiene being performed prior suggests suboptimal surface disinfection following Simulated Patient A’s circuit. Through this pilot study, we recognised the key role that ophthalmic high-touch surfaces play in fomite transmission and that thorough disinfection of high-touch surfaces is essential on top of proper hand hygiene. With the contact sequences delineated in this pilot study, specific cues for hand hygiene and surface disinfection may be implemented at suitable intervals during contact with high-touch surfaces. Environmental decontamination adjuncts could also be considered to reinforce surface disinfection.
Citation: Hygiene
PubDate: 2024-07-22
DOI: 10.3390/hygiene4030021
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 3 (2024)
- Hygiene, Vol. 4, Pages 269-281: A Combined Cleaning and Disinfection
Authors: Martina Bandte, Jens Ehlers, Shaheen Nourinejhad Zarghani, Carmen Büttner
First page: 269
Abstract: Mechanically transmissible and stable viruses such as tobamoviruses, which include Tobamovirus fructirugosum (syn. tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), will continue to pose major challenges for farmers. Consequently, holistic hygiene concepts are being implemented to prevent the introduction and spread of these viruses. The decontamination of tires and castors was previously a weak point in many industrial hygiene concepts. For this reason, the ProfilGate clean-off zone was tested in combination with the disinfectant MENNO Florades for the decontamination of ToBRFV-contaminated tires. In total, 478 tire segments were sampled to evaluate the contamination of ToBRFV and the following decontamination of the tires. This treatment reliably removed high (4.5 µg/cm2), medium (0.45 µg/cm2), and low concentrations (0.045 µg/cm2) of ToBRFV from the tires, as shown by a bioassay. The reduction in necrotic local lesions on susceptible indicator plants N. tabacum cv. Xanthi NN was between 91.9 and 97.6%. The reduction in ToBRFV contamination largely depended on the length of the rollover distance, i.e., the number of tire rotations. For transport trolleys with polyamide and rubber tires, depletions of 97.4 and 97.6%, respectively, was determined after 16 rotations. For transport wagons with tires twice the size and polyurethane tread, the depletion was still at least 91% after eight wheel turns. Even in the case of gross soiling of the tires, the mean reduction from the different tread materials was 80.9 to 98.9%. Subsequent analysis of the clean-off zone revealed that ToBRFV did not accumulate, even when the contaminated tires were driven over several times, but was safely inactivated completely in the disinfectant solution. This provides growers with an effective tool for preventing the introduction and spread of ToBRFV.
Citation: Hygiene
PubDate: 2024-07-23
DOI: 10.3390/hygiene4030022
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 3 (2024)
- Hygiene, Vol. 4, Pages 282-296: Comprehensive Analysis of Environmental
Monitoring Data from the Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular
Imaging (NMMI) of the University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG)
Authors: Hendrikus H. Boersma, Mirte M. Woerdenbag, Sascha Mulder, Tirza W. T. Poiesz, Lucas B. S. Bekhof, Hein T. Tholen, Gert Luurtsema, Marjolijn N. Lub-de Hooge, Danique Giesen, Herman J. Woerdenbag
First page: 282
Abstract: Environmental monitoring (EM) is the cornerstone for the assurance of sterility during aseptic manufacturing. In this study, the EM quality aspects in the radiopharmaceutical cleanrooms of the University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), The Netherlands, were evaluated. Hereto, data obtained from EM over the period 2010–2022 were analyzed. The data were sorted according to the Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) classification of the respective premises with their corresponding limits, and frequencies of excursions were determined per location. The frequency of conducted measurements gradually increased between the start and end of the assessed period. There was a trend of increased action limit excursions observed between 2010–2022. We found that EM in grade A areas appeared to be significantly less compliant with GMP specifications than the combined data from all sampled premises at the facility (p < 0.00001; two-sided Fisher’s exact test). A trend was found for reduced action limit excursions for passive air sampling and particle counting, suggesting improved GMP compliance over time for this specific type of EM. The contamination recovery rate (CRR) found for cleanroom conditions, around 10%, was considered sufficient. From this comprehensive data analysis, we learn that, in order to be fully compliant with the requirements set in the recent revision of EU (European Union)-GMP Annex 1 ‘Manufacture of sterile medicinal products’ (in force as of 25 August 2023), strategies to further improve product protection are justified. For example, improved cleaning and disinfection procedures, more efficient working methods as well as optimization of the conditions under which aseptic manufacturing is performed are to be considered.
Citation: Hygiene
PubDate: 2024-07-27
DOI: 10.3390/hygiene4030023
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 3 (2024)
- Hygiene, Vol. 4, Pages 297-316: The Antimicrobial Resistance Pandemic Is
Here: Implementation Challenges and the Need for the One Health Approach
Authors: Elena Ponzo, Silvia De Gaetano, Angelina Midiri, Giuseppe Mancuso, Presti Giovanna, Danna Giuliana, Sebastiana Zummo, Carmelo Biondo
First page: 297
Abstract: The issue of antibiotic resistance represents a significant threat that extends beyond human health, encompassing animal welfare and the sustainability of the natural environment. The inappropriate use of antibiotics, poor sanitation and inadequate control measures have contributed to the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria, which can spread at the human–animal–environment interface. The documented presence of antimicrobials in agriculture, veterinary medicine and human medicine has convinced all stakeholders of the need to contribute to the development of a “One Health” approach, which recognises the interrelationships between animals, humans and their environment and the need to adopt a common strategy encompassing these sectors to limit the spread of bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Although a number of countries have implemented integrated surveillance systems to monitor antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance, available data suggest that the use of antibiotics in humans, animals and the environment is increasing worldwide. Consequently, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens is becoming a recurring concern. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the measures that are necessary to be taken and implemented in order to guarantee global health security.
Citation: Hygiene
PubDate: 2024-08-01
DOI: 10.3390/hygiene4030024
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 3 (2024)
- Hygiene, Vol. 4, Pages 317-325: Relationship between Tooth Brushing and
Hand Washing by Family Type among Adolescents: A 2020 Nationally
Representative Korean Survey
Authors: Eun-Jeong Kim, Gyeong-Won Ko, Eun-Ji Seong, Su-Jin Lee, Ye-Seo Lee, Chae-Rim Lee, Hye-Ju Lee
First page: 317
Abstract: Habits formed during adolescence tend to persist into adulthood, and correcting poor habits or behaviors during this time is more effective than at other times. Particularly, parents and caregivers should encourage good hygiene habits in their adolescent children by setting a positive example themselves. Using logistic regression, we analyzed the association between brushing teeth after lunch and washing hands before lunch by family type among 54,848 adolescents from the 17th Youth Health Behavior Survey raw data in 2021. Four logistic regression models were used to adjust for confounders hierarchically. In all models, adolescents who practiced tooth brushing after lunch were 2.09 times more likely to practice hand washing before lunch than those who did not. With and without adjustment, we found that the association between adolescents’ tooth brushing and hand washing practices in two-parent households was stronger than the association between adolescents’ tooth brushing and hand washing practices in single-parent households. Associations were found between tooth brushing and hand washing practices, and these associations were higher among adolescents in two-parent households than among adolescents in single-parent households. The finding of a significant link between family type and personal hygiene habits indicates the need for interventions to enhance the oral health of children and adolescents. Such interventions should be customized to reflect the specific characteristics of the child’s household.
Citation: Hygiene
PubDate: 2024-08-05
DOI: 10.3390/hygiene4030025
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 3 (2024)
- Hygiene, Vol. 4, Pages 326-345: Unveiling the Mechanisms for Campylobacter
jejuni Biofilm Formation Using a Stochastic Mathematical Model
Authors: Paulina A. Dzianach, Gary A. Dykes, Norval J. C. Strachan, Ken J. Forbes, Francisco J. Pérez-Reche
First page: 326
Abstract: Campylobacter jejuni plays a significant role in human health, food production, and veterinary practice. Biofilm formation is a likely mechanism explaining the survival of C. jejuni in seemingly unfavourable environments, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We propose a mathematical model to unify various observations regarding C. jejuni biofilm formation. Specifically, we present a cellular automaton with stochastic dynamics that describes both the probability of biofilm initiation and its subsequent growth. Our model incorporates fundamental processes such as cell rearrangement, diffusion of chemical compounds, accumulation of extracellular material, cell growth, lysis, and deactivation due to nutrient scarcity. The model predicts an optimal nutrient concentration that enhances population survival, revealing a trade-off where higher nutrient levels may harm individual cells but benefit the overall population. Our results suggest that the lower biofilm accumulation observed experimentally in aerobic conditions compared to microaerobic conditions may be due to a reduced surface invasion probability of individual cells. However, cells that do manage to invade can generate microcolonies of a similar size under both aerobic and microaerobic conditions. These findings provide new insights into the survival probability and size of C. jejuni biofilms, suggesting potential targets for controlling its biofilm formation in various environments.
Citation: Hygiene
PubDate: 2024-08-08
DOI: 10.3390/hygiene4030026
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 3 (2024)
- Hygiene, Vol. 4, Pages 122-134: Prevalence of Contagious Mastitis
Pathogens in Bulk Tank Milk from Dairy Farms in Lower Saxony, Germany
Authors: Jan Kortstegge, Volker Krömker
First page: 122
Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Streptococcus (Sc.) agalactiae, Prototheca spp., Staphylococcus (S.) aureus, and especially methicillin-resistant S. aureus as well as Myco-plasmopsis (M.) spp. and M. bovis in bulk tank milk (BTM) on dairy farms in Lower Saxony, Germany. BTM samples were collected in January 2023 from 208 selected dairy farms. The samples were quantitatively culturally analyzed for S. aureus and Prototheca spp. Presumptive S. aureus colonies were further confirmed by MALDI-TOF. Presumptive Prototheca spp. colonies were confirmed by light microscopy. Sc. agalactiae and Mycoplasmopsis spp. were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR). Sc. agalactiae was detected in two herds (1% (Confidence Interval 95% (CI) 0.3–3.4)). S. aureus was confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) in 38 herds (18.3% (CI 13.6–24.1)), assuming a threshold of >10 cfu/mL milk. A total of 154 isolates identified as S. aureus by MALDI-TOF were transferred to agar with added oxacillin for resistance testing, of which 19 isolates (12.3% (CI 8–18.5)) showed growth. The 19 isolates came from eight different farms (3.8% (2–7.4)). Prototheca spp. were identified in 13 herds (6.3% (CI 3.7–10.4)). Mycoplasmopsis spp. were detected by PCR in 18 herds (8.7% (CI 5.5–13.3)). Of these, M. bovis was present in three herds (1.4% (0.5–4.2)). The herd prevalence of Sc. agalactiae in BTM appears to be at low levels in the sampled area. The prevalence of Mycoplasmopsis spp. in the herds was higher than expected compared to previous studies. It is interesting to note that the percentage of M. bovis in the total Mycoplasmopsis spp. was only 16.7%.
Citation: Hygiene
PubDate: 2024-03-26
DOI: 10.3390/hygiene4020009
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 2 (2024)
- Hygiene, Vol. 4, Pages 135-145: Antimicrobial Properties of Basil (Ocimum
basilicum L.), Sage (Salvia officinalis L.), Lavender (Lavandula
officinalis L.), Immortelle (Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don), and
Savory (Satureja montana L.) and Their Application in Hard Cheese
Production
Authors: Nevijo Zdolec, Marijana Franičević, Lucija Klanac, Ivana Kavain, Josip Batinić, Manuela Zadravec, Jelka Pleadin, Darko Čobanov, Marta Kiš
First page: 135
Abstract: The aim of the study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the extracted plants basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.), lavender (Lavandula officinalis L.), immortelle (Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don), savory (Satureja montana L.), and rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus Spenn.) against foodborne and clinical pathogens. Dried plants were used in the production of Dalmatian cow’s milk hard cheese at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2% to evaluate the microbiological safety and sensory properties of novel cheeses. The broadest antimicrobial activity was found in rosemary and sage, inhibiting ten indicator pathogens, and the strongest antimicrobial activity was found in immortelle and sage, which showed the widest zones of inhibition. The most sensitive indicators were Staphylococcus species and Yersinia enterocolitica. The supplemented cheeses met the official microbiological criteria and were mycotoxin negative. The surface mycobiota of control and experimental cheeses consisted mainly of Penicillium sollitum, based on the sequence analysis of the beta-tubulin and calmodulin genes. The antifungal effect of the added plants was clearly demonstrated in cheeses with added basil and sage (p < 0.05).
Citation: Hygiene
PubDate: 2024-03-29
DOI: 10.3390/hygiene4020010
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 2 (2024)
- Hygiene, Vol. 4, Pages 146-156: Formation/Removal of Biofilms on/from
Coupons of Selected Food-Grade Elastomeric Polymers vs. Plexiglass Used
for the Fruit-Catching Plates of OTR Blueberry Machine Harvesters
Authors: Peien Wang, Minji Hur, Lisa Wasko DeVetter, Fumiomi Takeda, Jinru Chen
First page: 146
Abstract: To reduce the bruising potential of machine-harvested fresh blueberries, manufacturers of over-the-row (OTR) machine harvesters are replacing the hard, plexiglass fruit-catching plates with soft, elastomeric polymers. This study assessed whether selected soft, food-grade elastomeric polymers, with the potential to be used in OTR harvesters, have a greater likelihood to encourage more microbial buildups, making cleaning/sanitation a greater challenge. Coupons of plexiglass, silicone, neoprene, and ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) were exposed to fecal coliforms from various sources for biofilm development. The coupons with developed biofilms were treated with sodium hypochlorite, peracetic acid, isopropyl alcohol-based quaternary ammonium compounds (Alpet D2), or commercial dish soap. Biofilms and their residuals after the sanitizer treatments were quantified. The fecal coliforms isolated from the surface of OTR harvesters developed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) more biofilms than those from other sources. EPDM coupons had significantly more, while neoprene and silicone coupons had insignificantly different (p > 0.05) amounts of biofilms from plexiglass coupons. After sanitizer treatments, EPDM coupons had significantly more, while neoprene and certain silicon coupons had significantly fewer residues than plexiglass coupons. Study suggests that compared to plexiglass, neoprene and silicon did not support more microbial buildups or retain more biofilms after sanitizing treatments.
Citation: Hygiene
PubDate: 2024-04-11
DOI: 10.3390/hygiene4020011
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 2 (2024)
- Hygiene, Vol. 4, Pages 157-163: Ralstonia insidiosa Bacteremia in Patients
with Solid Cancer Treated by Means of a Central Venous Catheter
Authors: Lorenzo Ruggieri, Anna Lisa Ridolfo, Sara Giordana Rimoldi, Maria Silvia Cona, Davide Dalu, Pietro Olivieri, Giuliano Rizzardini, Spinello Antinori, Anna Gambaro, Sabrina Ferrario, Cinzia Fasola, Maria Antista, Carmen Giusy Rea, Nicla La Verde
First page: 157
Abstract: Ralstonia spp. are low-virulent environmental Gram-negative bacteria that can cause serious nosocomial infections in immunocompromised patients. We report the characteristics of a cluster of R. insidiosa bacteremia cases occurring in our oncology day ward in Milan, Italy, between January and March 2022. A case was defined as a cancer patient attending our day ward and whose blood culture (performed because of bacteremia symptoms) led to the isolation of Ralstonia insidiosa. An epidemiological investigation was conducted in order to seek the possible source of infection. Seven adult patients received curative or palliative treatment via infusion through a Port-a-Cath (PAC). All developed symptoms within 24 h of the infusion (three during the infusion itself). Ralstonia insidiosa was isolated in the blood drawn from the PAC in all patients. All of the isolates were susceptible to carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, and piperacillin/tazobactam but resistant to aminoglycosides and cephalosporins. Systemic and/or lock antibiotic therapy led to stable symptom resolution and negative blood cultures in five patients, whereas bacteremia recurred in two patients. An epidemiological investigation suggested that extrinsic contamination of antiseptic solutions was the possible cause of the R. insidiosa infections. Although R. insidiosa is not considered a virulent pathogen, clinicians, microbiologists, and infection control teams should be aware about its potential to cause outbreaks of nosocomial bloodstream infections, especially in immunocompromised patients bearing central venous catheters.
Citation: Hygiene
PubDate: 2024-04-17
DOI: 10.3390/hygiene4020012
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 2 (2024)
- Hygiene, Vol. 4, Pages 164-177: Evaluating the Ergonomic Performance of a
Novel Periodontal Curette with Adaptive Handle Design
Authors: Cherie Wink, Kairong Lin, Benjamin E. Dolan, Kathryn Osann, Ali A. Habib, Petra Wilder-Smith
First page: 164
Abstract: (1) Background: Periodontal instrumentation with dental curettes is associated with discomfort, fatigue, and musculoskeletal diseases. The goal of this study was to compare comfort, fatigue, and muscle work using three different curettes. (2) Methods: Eight hygienists each scaled three typodonts using the three different curettes. Curette A was a prototype with a novel adaptive design, Curette B had a conventional stainless-steel design, and Curette C featured a conventional silicon-covered handle. Time-based work in four muscles, comfort, fatigue, tactile feedback, grip and blade position, and pinch and grasp strength were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using a General Linear Model (GLIM) and Tukey’s post hoc test. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. (3) Results: Comfort, correct grasp, fingertip placement, and blade-to-tooth adaptation were significantly better with Curette A (p < 0.05). While pinch and grasp strength were significantly reduced post-instrumentation for Curettes B and C (p < 0.05), they remained unchanged for Curette A. Curette A required significantly less total muscle work and work in individual muscles, resulting in significantly less post-instrumentation fatigue than for Curettes B and C, but similar levels of tactile feedback (p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: The ergonomic performance of a prototype adaptive periodontal curette was significantly better than that of two conventional instruments with rigid handle designs.
Citation: Hygiene
PubDate: 2024-04-22
DOI: 10.3390/hygiene4020013
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 2 (2024)
- Hygiene, Vol. 4, Pages 178-188: Effectiveness of Nudge Tools to Promote
Hand Disinfection among Healthcare Professionals and Visitors in Health
Institution: The Slovenian Pilot Study
Authors: Neža Podvratnik, Andrej Ovca, Mojca Jevšnik
First page: 178
Abstract: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are considered to be one of the biggest health problems as they continue to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. They cannot be completely prevented, but their incidence can be significantly limited. Preventive action is the most important measure in this case. Due to the frequent interaction between healthcare professionals and patients, the crucial importance of hand hygiene is therefore emphasised. Adherence to good disinfection and hand washing practices remains around 40%, which can be improved by using a variety of nudge tools to promote desired hygienic behaviour. We conducted an open observation of employees and visitors with participation. The aim of this study was to determine the actual status of hand disinfection in a selected healthcare facility amongst doctors, registered nurses, medical technicians, cleaners, and visitors or parents of children; then, we selected and introduced three nudge tools of desired hygiene behaviour and analysed their effectiveness; finally, we provided suggestions for the use of nudge tools of desired hygiene behaviour with the aim of influencing doctors, registered nurses, medical technicians, cleaners, and visitors or parents of children so that they disinfect their hands properly. The actual state of hand disinfection was determined on the basis of observation without introducing any changes; then, we separately introduced three nudge tools, posters with an inscription and picture, the scent of citrus, and flashing lights. The obtained results were analysed with the help of the SpeedyAudit Lite application, and the effectiveness of each nudge tool and the adequacy of hand disinfection by categories of people were compared. In general, posters with a picture and an inscription contributed the most to more consistent disinfection of employees’ hands, while the scent of citrus and flashing lights contributed slightly less.
Citation: Hygiene
PubDate: 2024-05-06
DOI: 10.3390/hygiene4020014
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 2 (2024)
- Hygiene, Vol. 4, Pages 189-196: Visualization of Effectiveness: The Use of
a Set of Colored Cleaning Wipes for Visible Disinfection of Ultrasound
Probes
Authors: Christian Kühnel, Falk Gühne
First page: 189
Abstract: The German health authorities’ guidelines for medical devices in 2012 highlighted the importance of cleaning ultrasound probes, emphasizing their validation and reliability. In addition to automated and validated options, alternative manual methods such as wipe disinfection have gained traction due to their independence from additional hardware. The study examines the effectiveness of a manual cleaning process using wipes, addressing concerns raised by the Robert Koch Institute regarding the lack of validation for wipe disinfection of semi-critical devices. The EQUINOS colored wipe disinfection kit identified wetting gaps in all cleanings across four probes tested. The results indicate significant challenges in ensuring complete surface wetting, particularly in complex device parts such as clip-on areas and fixtures for additional biopsy attachments, suggesting that manual methods alone may not adequately mitigate the risk of infection transmission (p value < 0.0001). The study concludes that while manual disinfection methods are a commonly used alternative to automated reprocessing, there is a critical need for enhanced training and potentially the development of more effective manual disinfection techniques or colored wipes to ensure patient safety and compliance with healthcare hygiene standards.
Citation: Hygiene
PubDate: 2024-05-15
DOI: 10.3390/hygiene4020015
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 2 (2024)
- Hygiene, Vol. 4, Pages 197-206: Hygienic Practices and Level of
Contamination in Toothbrushes at Mexican Homes in Guadalajara, Jalisco
Authors: Luz Eduviges Garay-Martínez, Andrés Octavio Betancourt-Cortés, Alondra Lizeth Reyes-Castellanos, Sara Gabriela Ulloa-Pérez, Carlos Arnulfo Velázquez-Carriles, Beatriz Venegas-Ruiz, Jorge Manuel Silva-Jara
First page: 197
Abstract: In the present study, a Google Forms survey open questionnaire was applied to identify variables in hygiene habits that influence the contamination of toothbrushes in Mexican homes. A total of 275 questionnaires were validated, and 18 samples were analyzed to determine microbiology indicator groups (Mesophilic Aerobic Bacteria [MAB], Coliform Organisms [CO], and Yeast and Molds [Y/M]) with dilution and plate casting methods. Results were compared with data obtained from surveys, which were encoded to construct conglomerates. Interestingly, a higher microbial count was found in toothbrushes stored in cases (4.9 × 109 CFU/mL for MAB, 4.43 × 109 CFU/mL for CO, and 4.38 × 109 CFU/mL for Y/M), while the use and disposal of toothbrushes following recommendations of life expectancy limited bacterial growth (<10 CFU/mL for CO and Y/M), reducing the possible growth of pathogens such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Pseudomonas, among others. Finally, most people do not have the habit of disinfecting their toothbrushes periodically. Further, the survey revealed that disinfection techniques applied by a limited group (14% of the respondents) are improvised and are not standardized with the objective of disinfection.
Citation: Hygiene
PubDate: 2024-05-25
DOI: 10.3390/hygiene4020016
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 2 (2024)
- Hygiene, Vol. 4, Pages 207-220: Specific Personal Hygiene Procedures and
Practices in Food Handlers—A Cross-Sectional Study in Butcher and
Fishmonger Shops in Almada
Authors: Inês Oliveira, Miguel Almeida, João J. Ferreira Gomes, Ana Rita Henriques
First page: 207
Abstract: Good manufacturing practices play an important role in obtaining safe food and preventing foodborne diseases. To achieve this goal, food handlers must receive appropriate training to be aware of their responsibilities. In this work, compliance with specific personal hygiene requirements by food handlers was assessed in a cross-sectional study of traditional small retail establishments, namely butcher (n = 56) and fishmonger (n = 17) shops in Almada, Portugal. Food handlers (n = 140, of which 113 worked in butcher shops, and 27 worked in fishmonger shops) were interviewed for data collection, and retail establishments were audited considering specific hygiene requisites. In fishmonger shops, most food handlers are women (89%), aged 18 to 45 years (70%), with a high school degree, having worked for less than 5 years in this activity, while in butcher shops most food handlers are men (90%) over 45 years old (58%), with a basic education level, and more than 26 years of experience. Most food handlers (>95%) attended recent food safety and hygiene training courses and were able to recognize that hand sanitizers cannot replace a proper hand wash, and to identify Staphylococcus aureus transmission routes to food. However, approximately 23% of retail establishments failed to provide hot water in the handwashing basin and exhibited improper placement of handwashing instructions. Furthermore, these establishments did not implement corrective actions following non-conforming microbiological results of hand hygiene monitoring. These findings reinforce the need for consistent management commitment, and for providing food handlers with regular training, which is crucial for maintaining a strong food safety and hygiene culture in these traditional small retail establishments.
Citation: Hygiene
PubDate: 2024-05-31
DOI: 10.3390/hygiene4020017
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 2 (2024)
- Hygiene, Vol. 4, Pages 221-230: Oral Hygiene Practices and Oral Health
Knowledge among Adult Orthodontic Patients: A Best Practice Implementation
Project
Authors: Antonija Tadin, Marija Badrov, Branimira Mikelic Vitasovic, Tina Poklepovic Pericic
First page: 221
Abstract: Orthodontic therapy is associated with a more significant accumulation of dentobacterial plaque and impaired oral hygiene, which increase the risk of developing dental caries and periodontal disease. Therefore, it is crucial to educate orthodontic patients about proper oral hygiene maintenance and oral health before and during treatment. The aim of this pilot study was to implement evidence-based best practices related to oral hygiene in adult orthodontic patients and improve compliance. In addition to evaluating oral hygiene practices, another goal of the project was to assess the knowledge of orthodontic patients regarding oral health. Questionnaires with seven pre- (before) and post-test criteria (90 day after implementation) were developed based on the best evidence available. This project was conducted in a private dental clinic in Split, Croatia, and included 45 patients. The baseline audit showed a gap between clinical practice and the best evidence. Three criteria achieved a high compliance baseline, while after implementation, there were substantial improvements in compliance for all. The everyday use of mouthwash improved from 17.8% at baseline to 66.7% at follow-up, as did the use of interdental aids, which increased from 55.6% to 91.1%. Statistically significant differences were found in the total score for oral health knowledge between the baseline (6.67 ± 1.74) and the follow-up audit (7.78 ± 0.56, p ≤ 0.001). The strategies developed in this project were effective in providing essential information to adult orthodontic patients and improving compliance with evidence. Guidelines on this topic should be designed to assist orthodontists and patients in maintaining oral health and oral hygiene.
Citation: Hygiene
PubDate: 2024-06-03
DOI: 10.3390/hygiene4020018
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 2 (2024)
- Hygiene, Vol. 4, Pages 231-237: Compliance of the Dryness of Dental
Handpieces for Their Sterilization under Various Treatment Conditions
Authors: Axel Fruhauf, Gabriel Fernandez de Grado, Julie Scholler, Damien Offner
First page: 231
Abstract: Objectives: In the protocol for cleaning and sterilizing dental handpieces (DHs), water retention within the instrument poses a challenge and may compromise the sterilization process. This study aimed to assess the reliability and reproducibility of the sterilization protocol regarding the dryness of DHs. It evaluated the presence of residual water in these instruments after various conditions of treatment through multiple dryness tests. Methods: This comparative study examined the dryness of seven different DHs following five washing–disinfection and/or sterilization protocols. Dabbing tests, shaking by hand, or compressed air tests through DHs and over absorbent paper were employed to ascertain the thorough dryness of DHs after treatment. As soon as the first sign of water appeared on the absorbent paper, the DH was deemed to be not dry. Results: Upon completion of the washing–disinfection protocol without sterilization, five out of seven DHs were deemed dry using the dabbing test, yet none were fully dry when subjected to shaking or compressed air. However, in the four protocols incorporating final sterilization, all DHs were dry according to the three drying tests. Conclusion: This study underscores the essential role of the sterilization step in eliminating residual water from DHs, thereby ensuring optimal conditions for effective sterilization in terms of dryness. Furthermore, the study recommends against relying solely on the dabbing drying test, emphasizing the importance of shaking or using compressed air to confirm instrument dryness.
Citation: Hygiene
PubDate: 2024-06-18
DOI: 10.3390/hygiene4020019
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 2 (2024)
- Hygiene, Vol. 4, Pages 14-22: Maternal Handwashing with Soap Practices and
Associated Risk Factors in Nepal: A Systematic Review
Authors: Shalik Ram Dhital, Catherine Chojenta, Tanmay Bagade, Deborah Loxton
First page: 14
Abstract: Handwashing with soap is a fundamental practice for preventing communicable diseases, particularly in resource-constrained settings like Nepal, where various factors influence maternal handwashing behaviours. A systematic search encompassing PubMed/Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL and grey literature source was conducted. Extracted eligible articles underwent descriptive analysis and their quality assessment was carried out following STROBE guidelines. From the initial screening of 187 database articles and 18 from grey literature, a total of 120 full text articles and records were retrieved to evaluated for inclusion in the review, identifying nine articles meeting the inclusion criteria for the review. Maternal handwashing with soap frequencies varied during critical moments ranging from 6% to 100%, and a 47% availability of soap and water at the household level was reported. Factors influencing handwashing included education, wealth, ecology, and participation in health promotion campaigns. Barriers included knowledge gaps, contrary beliefs, unavailability of soap and water, financial constraints, maternal demotivation, and low participation in decision-making. Limitations include study design heterogeneity (cross-sectional, Randomized Controlled Trials-RCT, Cohort), sample size variability, and geographical bias, potentially limiting generalizability of this study, limited reporting on soap and water availability for mothers at the household level is noted, and temporal variability introduces study inconsistency. Availability of soap, water, and effective health education is crucial for promoting sustained handwashing practices. Community-based interventions involving mothers in decision making and policy initiatives are essential for overcoming barriers and promote behavioural change to improve public health outcomes. This paper aims to determine the rates of handwashing with soap among mothers in Nepalese households and explore the factors associated with the uptake of handwashing.
Citation: Hygiene
PubDate: 2024-01-08
DOI: 10.3390/hygiene4010002
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2024)
- Hygiene, Vol. 4, Pages 23-48: Does COVID-19 Vaccination Protect Contact
Persons' A Systematic Review
Authors: Günter Kampf
First page: 23
Abstract: The protective effect of COVID-19 vaccination for contact persons is controversial. Therefore, the aim of this review was to determine whether COVID-19 vaccination provides significant protection for them. A PubMed search was carried out using the terms “unvaccinated vaccinated covid” in combination with “viral load” and “transmission”. Studies were included if they reported original comparative data on the SARS-CoV-2 viral load, duration of SARS-CoV-2 detection, or SARS-CoV-2 transmission rates. A total of 332 articles were identified, of which 68 were included and analyzed. The differences in the viral load were equivocal in 57% of the 35 studies, significantly lower in the vaccinated in 11 studies and in the unvaccinated in 3 studies. The infectious virus levels were significantly lower in the vaccinated in two out of six studies. Virus clearance was significantly faster in vaccinated subjects in two of eight studies (detection of viral RNA) and two of four studies (detection of infectious virus). The secondary attack rates were significantly lower in vaccinated index cases in 6 of 15 studies. The vaccination status of contacts was described in two of the six studies and was 31.8% and 39.9% lower in households with an unvaccinated index case. The inconsistent and variable differences in the viral load, viral clearance and secondary attack rates between vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals, especially during the omicron predominance, suggests that COVID-19 vaccination is unlikely to prevent a relevant proportion of transmissions to contact persons, taking into account the relevance of the immunological status of the contact population (vaccination rates and previous infection).
Citation: Hygiene
PubDate: 2024-01-09
DOI: 10.3390/hygiene4010003
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2024)
- Hygiene, Vol. 4, Pages 49-75: Using Machine Learning to Improve Vector
Authors: Fernanda Klafke, Elisa Henning, Virginia Grace Barros
First page: 49
Abstract: Urban waters (UW) are complex environments, and their definition is related to water systems in urban zones, whether in a natural system or an urban facility. The health of these environments is related to public health and the quality of life because public health is the focal point of environmental and anthropic impacts. Infrastructure is paramount for maintaining public health and social and economic development sanitation. Insufficient infrastructure favors disease vectors. The population and environment suffer from deficient urban water infrastructure in Brazil despite government efforts to manage the existing systems. In this work, machine learning (regression trees) demonstrates the deficiency of sanitation and UW management fragmentation on public health by using the Aedes aegypti infestation index (HI) and water supply, wastewater, stormwater and drainage indicators (SNIS data). The results show that each Brazilian region faces different problems. The more infested regions were Northeastern, Northern and Southeastern. Moreover, municipalities with better SNIS data have lower infestation rates. Minimizing problems related to sanitation through the integrated management of water and urban areas is extremely important in developing countries. UW governance is connected to public health. Water management fragmentation leads to more complex issues, and managers must confront them to improve the quality of life in urban zones.
Citation: Hygiene
PubDate: 2024-01-11
DOI: 10.3390/hygiene4010004
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2024)
- Hygiene, Vol. 4, Pages 76-92: Evaluation of Social-Cognitive Determinants
of Patients’ Hand Hygiene Decisions and the Role of Mental Health in
a Cross-Sectional and a Longitudinal Study of German Patients
Authors: Franziska Maria Keller, Alina Dahmen, Lukas Kötting, Christina Derksen, Sonia Lippke
First page: 76
Abstract: Patients’ effective hand hygiene helps to reduce healthcare-associated infections and prevents the spread of nosocomial infections and communicable diseases, such as COVID-19. Accordingly, this study aimed to describe effective hand hygiene decisions based on the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) and whether this pattern is invariant for mental health. Data were collected cross-sectionally from patients who had previously been admitted to a hospital (Nstudy 1 = 279; study 1) and longitudinally from psychosomatic rehabilitation patients (Nstudy 1 = 1073; study 2). The fit of the HAPA framework and changes in hand hygiene decisions regarding compliance, social-cognitive variables of the HAPA, and mental health status were examined. The results revealed that the trimmed HAPA framework fitted the data well (χ2 = 27.1, df = 12, p < 0.01, CMIN/df = 2.26, CFI = 0.97, RMSEA = 0.08). According to multi-group structural equation modeling, the HAPA model with hand hygiene behavior was found to be invariant regarding mental health. To conclude, the trimmed HAPA framework was revealed to be a generic framework for explaining social-cognitive processes relating to hand hygiene decisions. Therefore, helping individuals to perform hand hygiene recommendations requires intention formation and bridging the intention–behavior gap. This can be undertaken by promoting planning and self-efficacy. All processes appear generic to participants with and without mental health challenges.
Citation: Hygiene
PubDate: 2024-02-01
DOI: 10.3390/hygiene4010005
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2024)
- Hygiene, Vol. 4, Pages 93-102: Antimicrobial Efficacy of a Portable
UV-C-Based Coating Activation Device against Candida albicans Biofilm and
SARS-CoV-2 as an Additional Feature: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Adityakrisna Yoshi Putra Wigianto, Megumi Watanabe, Yuki Iwawaki, Takaharu Goto, Tamaki Otsuki, Tetsuo Ichikawa
First page: 93
Abstract: This in vitro study aimed to confirm the effect of the additional features of Kirei Keep Light (KKL), a commercial UV-C irradiation system that was originally created for coating the surface of removable dentures with photoreactive 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC), on the antimicrobial efficacy aspect against Candida albicans biofilm on a denture base material (PMMA) and SARS-CoV-2. Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial efficacy on C. albicans biofilm was evaluated through quantitative (CFU) and qualitative (SEM images) analysis of three groups: no treatment (control), KKL, and immersion in a disinfectant solution, MCAE. The quantitative evaluation on SARS-CoV-2 was performed by comparing the untreated (control) group and the KKL group. Results: In comparison with the control group (2.39 × 106 CFU/mL), KKL irradiation resulted in a 91.01% reduction in C. albicans biofilm (2.15 × 105 CFU/mL), whereas for the MCAE group, this reduction was 99.98% (4.64 × 102 CFU/mL). The SEM image results also corroborate the CFU results, which showed that the fewest clean surfaces were found in the control, and this gradually increased with KKL and MCAE. SARS-CoV-2 inhibition, indicated by its TCID50 value, demonstrated that KKL almost completely inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication (99.99% reduction). Conclusion: KKL possesses antimicrobial efficacy on C. albicans biofilm on PMMA and SARS-CoV-2.
Citation: Hygiene
PubDate: 2024-02-18
DOI: 10.3390/hygiene4010006
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2024)
- Hygiene, Vol. 4, Pages 103-114: Carcinogenic Chemicals in Occupational
Settings: A Tool for Comparison and Translation between Different
Classification Systems
Authors: Carolina Zellino, Andrea Spinazzè, Francesca Borghi, Davide Campagnolo, Giacomo Fanti, Marta Keller, Alessio Carminati, Sabrina Rovelli, Andrea Cattaneo, Domenico Maria Cavallo
First page: 103
Abstract: In the European Union, Occupational Safety and Health legislation generally refers to European Regulation (CE) n. 1272/2008 to define and classify carcinogens of concern for occupational risk assessment and exposure assessment. In Europe, the current reference is Directive (UE) 2022/431, regarding carcinogen, mutagen, and reprotoxic agent (CMR) exposure. However, at the worldwide level, different classification approaches are used to establish carcinogenicity of substances and it is often difficult to compare the classifications of carcinogenicity (CoCs) proposed by different international bodies. This study aims to investigate a list of carcinogens of concern in occupational settings based on the CLP (Classification Labelling Packaging) CoC and to create a tool that allows a rapid translation–comparison of some international CoCs with the reference one. CoCs proposed by various sources were consulted and used to apply a translation method, to favor an alignment of different CoCs according to a reference. Results outlined that, considering diverse sources, CoCs can result in different classifications of the same chemicals. Overall, this may have implications for the hazard assessment process, which is the base of risk assessment. The proposed tool is expected to help risk assessors in the occupational field when it is needed to have a comparison with different CoC systems.
Citation: Hygiene
PubDate: 2024-02-21
DOI: 10.3390/hygiene4010007
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2024)
- Hygiene, Vol. 4, Pages 115-121: Reusable Medical Device Pre-Cleaning in
Care Units: What Are the Indicators to Prevent Biofilm Formation and
Control Occupational Biological Risk'
Authors: Anaclara F. V. Tipple, Rúbia Lícia R. Sodré, Lais C. Nascimento, Dayane M. Costa
First page: 115
Abstract: The pre-cleaning of reusable medical devices is essential for successful cleaning, as it prevents biofilm formation that can compromise disinfection and sterilization. This study aimed to reflect on the recommendations regarding the pre-cleaning of reusable medical devices carried out in care units, such as wards, based on recommendations from guidelines/standards related to this important step in reusable medical device reprocessing. However, recommendations for pre-cleaning in care units are not unanimous and contrast with detailed recommendations on reusable medical device reprocessing in the Central Sterile Services Department (CSSD). This topic is an unresolved issue, strongly related to patient and worker safety, which points to the lack of investigations to provide indicators of best practice and highlights the need for shared responsibility management between care units and CSSD.
Citation: Hygiene
PubDate: 2024-03-20
DOI: 10.3390/hygiene4010008
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2024)
